The Dagger of Amon Ra

Last updated: January 10, 2026

Overview

The Dagger of Amon Ra is a murder mystery adventure game developed and published by Sierra On-Line in 1992, serving as the second and final installment in the Laura Bow Mysteries series1. Set in 1926 New York City during the height of the Egyptology craze following the discovery of King Tutankhamun’s tomb, the game follows cub reporter Laura Bow as she investigates a series of murders at the prestigious Leyendecker Museum2. The game is often regarded by Sierra fans as “among the last decent adventure titles produced by the company before its eventual demise as a developer of adventure games”3.

Unlike its predecessor The Colonel’s Bequest, this sequel was not written or designed by Roberta Williams, though she served as creative consultant to ensure consistency between the two games1. Designer Bruce Balfour took the lead on writing and puzzle design, bringing his experience from working on Neuromancer and Wasteland to the project4. The game represents a significant breakthrough in featuring “a strong female lead in a computer game… a female character who is both charming and intelligent”3, distinguishing Laura Bow from the more sexualized heroines that would later dominate gaming.

The game showcases gorgeous hand-painted, Art Deco-style backgrounds inspired by illustrator J.C. Leyendecker, complemented by an evocative roaring twenties orchestrated soundtrack5. Available initially on floppy disk and later on CD-ROM with full voice acting, The Dagger of Amon Ra remains playable today through ScummVM and is available on GOG.com6.

Story Summary

One year after the events of The Colonel’s Bequest, Laura Bow has graduated from Tulane University and, with help from her father (a detective from New Orleans), landed a job at the New York Daily Register Newspaper Tribune9. Her first major assignment is to cover the newest exhibit acquired by the local Leyendecker Museum: an ancient Egyptian dagger known as the Dagger of Amon Ra2. The story begins with an ocean crossing, establishing the international intrigue surrounding the artifact10.

During a gala party to celebrate the opening of the museum’s new Egyptian wing, chaos ensues when someone is murdered and the priceless dagger is stolen2. Laura, demonstrating the investigative spirit that served her well in Louisiana, asks to be allowed to investigate and finds herself locked in the museum with the rest of the guests—socialites, miscreants, thieves, and a cold, relentless murderer6. As the night progresses, more bodies appear in increasingly gruesome conditions, and Laura must gather clues and interrogate suspects to unravel the mystery11.

The cast of characters includes Dr. Pippin Carter, an archaeologist who compares himself to his cousin (implied to be Howard Carter, discoverer of Tutankhamun’s tomb)1; Detective Ryan O’Riley, who proves to be more involved in the crimes than his badge suggests12; and numerous other suspects with their own secrets and motives. Laura’s romantic interest Steve Dorian, a stevedore at the museum, becomes increasingly important as the plot unfolds—a reference in Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers suggests that Laura eventually marries him and becomes Laura Dorian4.

The game features four distinct endings depending on the thoroughness of the player’s investigation13. Only through meticulous detective work—examining every clue and questioning every character repeatedly—can players achieve the best possible ending14.

Gameplay

Interface and Controls

The Dagger of Amon Ra utilizes Sierra’s icon-based graphic interface, a significant departure from the text parser system used in The Colonel’s Bequest5. This makes it more accessible than its predecessor and similar to other contemporary Sierra adventures15. The game adds an innovative “Ask” icon functionality that allows Laura to question characters about various topics, with a notebook system that automatically records important information14.

Players interact with the environment using standard Sierra icons including Walk, Look, Hand, Talk, and a magnifying glass for close examination16. The interface encourages thorough exploration, as many clues can only be discovered by examining objects carefully with the magnifying glass.

Structure and Progression

The game is divided into six distinct acts, with time passing automatically during exploration as suspects move on individual schedules17:

  • Act I: A Nose for News - Laura explores 1926 New York City, visiting locations including the newspaper office, police station, Lo Fat’s Chinese Laundry, and the Harlem Swinger Speakeasy18
  • Act II: Suspects on Parade - The gala party at the Leyendecker Museum where Laura meets all the major characters18
  • Act III: On the Cutting Edge - The first murder occurs and the dagger is stolen; Laura begins her investigation in earnest18
  • Act IV: Museum of the Dead - More bodies appear as Laura explores the museum’s secret passages and hidden rooms18
  • Act V: Rex Takes a Bite Out of Crime - The investigation reaches its climax with dangerous encounters in the dinosaur exhibit18
  • Act VI: The Coroner’s Inquest - A courtroom-style finale where Laura must identify the killers and motives; notably, players cannot save during this act19

Puzzles and Mechanics

The gameplay focuses primarily on exploration and clue-gathering rather than traditional puzzle-solving, though there are more instances of inventory item collection and usage compared to the first game2. Players must take careful note of each character’s personality and life history based on discoveries throughout the game20.

The game includes potentially frustrating “dead man walking” scenarios where essential items must be collected before leaving certain areas. If players miss cheese or snake-oil in early acts, they cannot complete the game12. The floppy version has an additional issue where failing to find Steve’s boot in the medieval exhibit locks players out of completion12.

The original floppy version features copy protection requiring players to answer trivia questions about Egyptian gods and goddesses, with answers found in the game manual17. This protection appears in Acts 1, 3, and 520. The CD-ROM version removed this requirement entirely21.

Reception

Contemporary Reviews

Computer Gaming World praised the game as “much improved over The Colonel’s Bequest” and described it as “a visual and aural treat” and “another quality adventure from the fertile minds at Sierra”5. Chuck Miller’s review highlighted “the gorgeous hand-painted, Art Deco-style backgrounds to the evocative roaring 20s orchestrated soundtrack, a certain richness permeates the atmosphere of the game”5. He concluded that “armchair detectives and amateur sleuths alike will find The Dagger of Amon Ra an enjoyable adventure and a nostalgic excursion into 1920s America”5.

PC Games called it “a captivating whodunit” with “near-perfect blending of sound effects, music, and graphics”1. Dragon magazine awarded it 4 out of 5 stars1. The game retailed for $69.95 at launch5.

However, Computer Gaming World later ranked the game’s finale as #7 on their list of “Least Rewarding Endings of All Time” in November 19968, reflecting criticism of the challenging final act.

Modern Assessment

Modern reviewers have offered mixed perspectives on the game. Adventure Classic Gaming awarded it 3 out of 5 stars (Good), with reviewer Robert Perrett praising the strong female protagonist while acknowledging the game’s technical limitations3. The Adventurers’ Guild blog gave a more critical assessment of 52/100, scoring Puzzles at 2/10, Interface at 3/10, Story at 5/10, Graphics/Sound at 8/10, Environment at 6/10, and Dialogue at 7/1012.

Hardcore Gaming 101 noted that “despite Roberta Williams’ name on the box, she had little to do with The Dagger of Amon Ra beyond providing the concept and lending her character to star in a new game”4. The site also observed that “it’s practically impossible to get the good ending the first time through”4.

Aggregate Scores:

  • GOG.com: 4.4/5 (34 reviews)6
  • IMDb: 7.8/10 (67 ratings)22
  • MobyGames Critics: 75%8
  • OldGames.sk: 78%23
  • MyAbandonware: 4.54/5 (70 votes)24

Development

Origins

The project originated from a proposal by writer Josh Mandel, who recognized that Laura Bow needed to progress beyond the bayou setting of the first game25. “I knew that we could not have Laura still in the house on the bayou,” Mandel explained. “She had to have progressed and become slightly older, so I suggested that, fresh out of journalism school, she become a cub reporter for a great metropolitan newspaper”25.

The Egyptian setting emerged organically from the team’s brainstorming. “Something about ancient Egyptian lore seemed like a reasonably exotic and mysterious topic for the central mystery, around which all the murders would occur,” Mandel recalled25. This choice capitalized on the ongoing public fascination with Egyptology sparked by Howard Carter’s 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb.

Roberta Williams took an “executive designer” role, simultaneously overseeing this project and King’s Quest VI, turning over the day-to-day details to assistant designers26. She explained her approach: “I took on a co-designer for a couple of reasons: I wanted to train Jane because I didn’t want Sierra to be dependent on me. Someone else needs to know how to do a ‘proper’ adventure game”26.

Production

Bruce Balfour served as lead designer, handling writing and puzzle designs while Williams ensured “the feel of The Colonel’s Bequest and The Dagger of Amon Ra remained consistent”8. Balfour reportedly worked on the game while watching Gulf War coverage on television in a hotel room17. He brought his background from Neuromancer and Wasteland to the project4.

Mandel recommended Balfour to Williams for the design role, and the two collaborated closely on the game’s development25. Balfour pored over various art styles before finding inspiration in J.C. Leyendecker’s work25. Due to budget constraints, no first-hand research was conducted for historical accuracy—“Writer Josh Mandel admitted they didn’t exactly have the budget to conduct extensive research for historical accuracy”27.

The elaborate death scenes, which featured victims meeting gruesome ends connected to museum exhibits (including being devoured by Dermestid beetles), were “Bruce’s (slightly perverse) imagination at work,” according to Mandel25. The game’s mature content led some fans to observe that “some of the verbal content was raunchier than the Leisure Suit Larry games”28.

Development Credits:29

  • Designer: Bruce J. Balfour
  • Creative Consultant: Roberta Williams
  • Writer: Josh Mandel
  • Composer: Christopher G. Braymen
  • Music: Mark Seibert1
  • Programmers: Various Sierra staff
  • Artists: Various Sierra staff

Technical Achievements

The game runs on Sierra’s SCI 1.1 engine, representing a significant technical advancement over the SCI0 engine used in The Colonel’s Bequest3. It features 320x200 resolution with 256-color VGA graphics3, creating the gorgeous Art Deco visuals that drew comparisons to J.C. Leyendecker’s illustrations.

The visual style was deliberately modeled on Leyendecker’s artwork, with the museum itself named after the artist1. The game cover was directly inspired by Leyendecker’s 18 March 1905 Saturday Evening Post cover1. The museum exterior was based on the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.1

Lisa Crabtree, Sierra’s receptionist, posed as Laura Bow for the box cover3. “By the way, on the box cover, we asked our receptionist Lisa Crabtree to pose as Laura Bow,” Williams noted. “It was kind of cute how visitors would sometimes ask where they’ve seen her before”3.

Technical Specifications

Floppy Version:3

  • Resolution: 320x200, 256 colors (VGA) or 16 colors (EGA)
  • Media: 6 3.5” floppy disks
  • Audio: AdLib, Sound Blaster, MT-32 Compatible, General MIDI, Sound Source
  • Copy Protection: Document look-up/symbol identification

CD-ROM Version:30

  • Resolution: 320x200, 256 colors (VGA)
  • Media: 1 CD-ROM
  • Audio: All major sound cards including Roland MT-32, General MIDI, Roland Sound Canvas18
  • Size: 271 MB (GOG version)6
  • Additional: Full voice acting, including narration

System Requirements:30

  • OS: MS-DOS 5.0 or Windows 3.0 or greater
  • Processor: 286 or better (runs on old 286 computer)3
  • RAM: 640 KB RAM
  • CD-ROM: 2x CD-ROM (for CD version)
  • Hard Drive: 3 MB minimum, 15 MB recommended
  • Input: Mouse required

Cut Content

During development, a related project called “Little Larry’s Guide to Life” was cancelled17.

Version History

VersionDatePlatformNotes
1.01992DOS (floppy)Initial release with copy protection8
1.11992DOSUK version8
CD-ROM1993DOS/WindowsVoice acting added, copy protection removed, some bugs fixed21
GOGFeb 16, 2017WindowsScummVM-based re-release7

SCI Interpreter Versions:7

  • Engine: SCI 1.1
  • Video Modes: MCGA, EGA, VGA

The CD-ROM version made several modifications beyond adding voice acting: taxi rides were shortened, copy protection was removed, and some bugs were fixed21. The CD-ROM version also modified character portraits for Laura, Ziggy, and Steve Dorian, and improved lip-sync animation27.

Technical Issues

The game has numerous documented bugs and compatibility issues:

  • Endless Driving Bug: Taxi drives endlessly without reaching destination30
  • Moving Painting Bug: Painting in Carrington’s office can only be opened once30
  • Error 5: Occurs in Act 5 when Laura opens transom and goes into mummy room—“You did something that we weren’t expecting. You don’t need to do it to finish the game”30
  • Audio Initialization Failure: “Unable to initialize your audio hardware” error requires updated AUDBLAST.DRV driver31
  • Sound Loop Bug: With updated drivers, digital sound may loop indefinitely31
  • Control Panel Issues: Sometimes disabled, preventing saves32
  • Save/Restore Bugs: Game occasionally refuses to restore from saved games32
  • Out of Handles Error: Occurs in DosBox version12

The game uses AUDBLAST.DRV audio driver rather than DACBLAST.DRV used by other Sierra games, and requires audioSize setting of 32k in RESOURCE.CFG to avoid audio glitches33.

Easter Eggs and Trivia

The game contains numerous Sierra in-jokes and cultural references:

  • King’s Quest References: A unicorn in storage vats bears a note reading “Possibly left over from a King’s Quest game”; King Edward of Daventry appears preserved in alcohol in the preservation lab8
  • EcoQuest Reference: The star “Deneb Kaitos Ecoquestus” references Sierra’s ecological adventure series8
  • Anonymous Bosch Painting: Shows skeletons torturing “a dead king named Graham”8
  • Buy Sierra Products: Hieroglyphics in a passage translate to “buy Sierra products”9
  • The Prisoner Reference: When inspecting an NPC at the speakeasy, Laura’s observation quotes “Questions are a burden to others; answers are a burden to oneself,” paraphrasing the 1967-68 TV series34
  • Ronald Reagan Joke: The 3.5” floppy disk version contains a sign for “The Ronald Reagan Home For the Mentally Bewildered” on a building across from the newspaper office—this was removed from subsequent versions28
  • Oakhurst Reference: Using the magnifying glass on the glass reveals a reference to Sierra’s hometown of Oakhurst, California9
  • Clara Bow Tribute: Laura Bow’s name is a pun on silent film star Clara Bow1

Clicking on the empty pyramid case where the dagger should be displays: “Congratulations! You’ve cracked the case of the Dagger of Amon Ra”17.

Multiple Endings

The game features four distinct endings based on the player’s investigation thoroughness13. The final act (Act VI: The Coroner’s Inquest) presents Laura with questions about the murders, victims, and motives. “Only thorough detective work will result in the best possible ending for Laura Bow, Cub Reporter. (You’ll know it when you see it!)”14

Key variables affecting endings include:

  • Whether all clues were collected
  • Whether all characters were thoroughly questioned
  • Whether secret passages were discovered
  • Accuracy of answers during the Coroner’s Inquest

As Hardcore Gaming 101 noted, “it’s practically impossible to get the good ending the first time through”4.

Voice Cast

CharacterVoice Actor
Laura BowLeslie Wilson (née Balfour)29
Yvette DelacroixLeslie Wilson29
NarratorLeslie Wilson29
Dr. Pippin CarterBruce J. Balfour29
Wolf HeimlichBruce J. Balfour29
Lawrence “Ziggy” ZiegfeldBruce J. Balfour29
Steve DorianJosh Mandel29
Crodfoller T. RhubarbJosh Mandel29
Henri Le MortJosh Mandel29
Rex the Talking DinosaurJosh Mandel29
Rocco the Taxi DriverJosh Mandel29
Detective Ryan O’RileyJohn Smoot29
Dr. Olympia MyklosKelli Spurgeon29
Rameses NajeerRichard Aronson29
Countess Lavinia Waldorf-CarltonCynthia L. Swafford29
Ernie LeechDennis Lewis29
Dr. Ptahsheptut “Tut” SmithMichael Eppley29
Sam AugustiniNeal Grandstaff29
Lo FatRobert W. Lindsley29
Bartender/BouncerBrian K. Hughes29
Biff/Desk SergeantBarry T. Smith29
Bob the Taxi DriverDaniel Carver29
Blue PersonStuart Moulder29
DrunkJ. Mark Hood29
FlapperJane Jensen29
LuigiJames O’Keefe29
Writing ManRobert Holmes29
StinkyLorelei Shannon29
Miscellaneous PeopleScott Murphy29
Screams and MoansPat Murphy29

Voice acting was performed by Sierra staff rather than professional actors35. Josh Mandel’s voice for Steve Dorian was electronically lowered17. GOG.com user reviews noted that “Voice acting is atrocious but in an endearing way”6. Leslie Balfour, who voiced Laura and several other characters, later reflected: “The Dagger of Amon Ra is a great game, but for me, the prize was my husband of 23 years”—she married designer Bruce Balfour17.

Legacy

Sales and Commercial Impact

The game achieved strong initial distribution through Sierra’s retail channels and debuted in the top two positions on the company’s internal sales charts in Fall 199213. The $69.95 price point was standard for Sierra adventures of the era5.

Collections

The game appeared in several Sierra compilations:

  • 1997 King’s Quest Collection - Included alongside The Colonel’s Bequest9
  • Roberta Williams Anthology - Collected Williams’ adventure games9
  • CD-ROM 2 Pak: Crime City / The Dagger of Amon Ra (1993)8

Fan Projects

A fan sequel titled Manhattan Murders was planned but ultimately abandoned12. In 2019, NineZyme Entertainment announced a third Laura Bow game, demonstrating continued interest in the series27.

  • Leyendecker Museum Guide: Included with game, featuring museum layout maps19
  • Game Manual: Contains copy protection answers (Egyptian gods information)14
  • Museum Card Map: One of two maps included with the game19

Critical Perspective

The Dagger of Amon Ra occupies an interesting position in adventure gaming history. While not as commercially successful or well-remembered as Sierra’s flagship King’s Quest series, the Laura Bow games were “genuinely groundbreaking”25 in their approach to mature mystery storytelling with a strong female protagonist.

The game represents one of Sierra’s last traditional adventure games before the company shifted focus in the mid-1990s3. Its Art Deco visual style, orchestral soundtrack, and attention to period detail demonstrate the production values Sierra brought to even its secondary franchises.

The contrast between Laura Bow and later heroines like Lara Croft is notable. As Adventure Classic Gaming observed, “Perhaps Laura does not have breasts hanging out like Tomb Raider’s Lara Croft; then again, Laura is not meant to be a sex object like Lara”3. This design philosophy reflected Sierra’s approach to female protagonists—intelligent, capable characters defined by their wit rather than their appearance.

The game’s challenging difficulty and possibility of unwinnable states reflect adventure gaming conventions of the era that modern players often find frustrating. As one reviewer noted, “the main purpose of a mystery story is to be logical” yet “the plot has more holes than a minefield”12. Despite these criticisms, the game remains beloved by those who appreciate its atmosphere, humor, and period charm.

Downloads

Purchase / Digital Stores

Download / Preservation

Manuals & Extras

Series Continuity

The Dagger of Amon Ra is the second and final game in the Laura Bow Mysteries series. Taking place one year after The Colonel’s Bequest, it follows Laura’s transition from college student to professional journalist. While the first game established Laura’s detective instincts through a murder mystery in a Louisiana bayou mansion, the sequel expands her world to New York City and the international intrigue of Egyptology.

The series shares connections with other Sierra properties. Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers (1993) contains a reference to an octogenarian “Laura Dorian,” suggesting that Laura eventually married Steve Dorian and lived to old age4. This represents the last canonical reference to the character in Sierra’s games.

A third Laura Bow game, Parlor Games with Laura Bow (1992), was released as a compilation of card and board games but is not considered part of the mystery series7.

References

Footnotes

  1. Wikipedia – The Dagger of Amon Ra – release dates, composers, trivia, contemporary reviews 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

  2. MobyGames – The Dagger of Amon Ra – plot summary, gameplay description 2 3 4

  3. Adventure Classic Gaming – Review – Robert Perrett review, technical specs, Lisa Crabtree trivia 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

  4. Hardcore Gaming 101 – Laura Bow – development background, Bruce Balfour career, Gabriel Knight reference 2 3 4 5 6 7

  5. Computer Gaming World Issue 99 – Chuck Miller review, Art Deco description, pricing 2 3 4 5 6 7

  6. GOG.com – The Dagger of Amon Ra – user ratings, system requirements, voice acting reviews 2 3 4 5

  7. PCGamingWiki – The Dagger of Amon Ra – engine info, platform releases, series listing 2 3 4

  8. MobyGames – Full Entry – credits, platform versions, easter eggs, awards 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

  9. Sierra Chest – Laura Bow 2 – plot summary, compilation appearances, hieroglyphics easter egg 2 3 4 5

  10. Cheatbook Walkthrough – D. Griffiths walkthrough, 1926 setting

  11. The Walkthrough King – game description, time mechanics

  12. The Adventurers’ Guild – Final Rating – detailed scoring, bugs documentation, dead man walking scenarios 2 3 4 5 6 7

  13. Grokipedia – The Dagger of Amon Ra – voice cast, sales data, multiple endings 2 3

  14. Archive.org – Apple Manual – gameplay instructions, Ask icon, notebook system 2 3 4

  15. Play Classic Games – interface description

  16. Sierra Chest – Walkthrough – interface mechanics

  17. Campo Santo Quarterly Review – developer interviews, Leslie Balfour quote, copy protection details 2 3 4 5 6 7

  18. MIDI Music Adventures – Soundtrack – act titles, character names, locations 2 3 4 5 6

  19. The Computer Show – Walkthrough – game maps, Act VI save restriction 2 3

  20. Sierra Planet – Walkthrough – copy protection details, character notes 2

  21. Laura Bow Fandom Wiki – CD-ROM version changes, development credits 2 3

  22. IMDb – The Dagger of Amon Ra – user ratings, cast list

  23. OldGames.sk – Laura Bow 2 – rating, Tulane University detail

  24. MyAbandonware – user ratings, user quotes

  25. PC Gamer – 30 Years Later – Josh Mandel quotes, development origins, Leyendecker inspiration 2 3 4 5 6 7

  26. The Digital Antiquarian – Roberta Williams executive designer role 2

  27. TV Tropes – The Dagger of Amon Ra – CD-ROM changes, third game announcement, budget constraints quote 2 3

  28. AGD Interactive Forums – Reagan easter egg, raunchy content comparison 2

  29. MobyGames – DOS Credits – complete voice cast list 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

  30. Sierra Help – Laura Bow 2 – system requirements, bug documentation 2 3 4 5

  31. VOGONS Forum – Compatibility – audio driver issues, VDMSound problems 2

  32. MobyGames – User Review – save/restore bugs 2

  33. Edenwaith Blog – AUDBLAST.DRV details, audioSize configuration

  34. GameFAQs – Trivia – The Prisoner reference

  35. Retro Freak Reviews – voice acting by Sierra staff